Global Policy and the United Nations Security Council
An Examination of
the Changing Perception of Global Security
and the
Necessity of Security Council Change
Giji Gya, 1999, 2002
{NB I have updated the tables to incorporate data since the
thesis was written}
Introduction
| Chapter 1 | Chapter
2 | Chapter 3 | Chapter
4 | Conclusion
Table 1A | Table
1B | Table 2
Index
(Referred to in: Introduction)
Appendix 1. Ongoing Peacekeeping Missions of the United Nations
(Referred to in: Chapter Two)
Appendix 2. Voting Results of the Proposed Australian Amendment to the Veto Procedure of the Security Council, June 12, 1945
Appendix 3a. Table of Elected Security Council Members
Appendix 3b. Table of Security Council Resolutions Passed
Appendix 4. Extract - Report of the Open-Ended Working Group on the Question of Equitable Representation On and Increase In the Membership of the Security Council and Other Matters Related to the Security Council - General Assembly 52nd Session 1998-99, UN Document A/52/47
(Referred to in: Chapter Three)
Appendix 5. Informal Consultations of the Security Council
Appendix 6. Extract - Security Council Resolution S/RES/1203 (1998) on Kosovo
(Referred to in: Chapter Four)
Appendix 7. Extract - The Italian Proposal for Security Council Reform, 1997
Appendix 8a. The Razali Proposal for Security Council Reform, 1997
Appendix 8b. Interview of Italian Counsel, Claudio Bisognerio, on the Razali Proposal – conducted by the author and Dr. James A. Paul, 4th March, 1999.
Appendix 9. Tables Showing Assessed Contributions for Member States to the UN
Appendix 3a
Elected Members of the Security Council: 1946-present
Source: Compiled by the author while at Global Policy Forum January 1999, 2001. Then updated by GPF.
http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/membship/mem2.htm (Dec 2002)
|
Term in Council |
Member States |
| Jan 2003-Dec 2004 | Angola, Chile, Germany, Pakistan and Spain |
|---|---|
| Jan 2002-Dec 2003 | Bulgaria, Cameroon, Guinea, Mexico, and Syria |
| Jan 2001-Dec 2002 | Colombia, Ireland, Mauritius, Norway, Singapore |
| Jan 2000-Dec 2001 | Bangladesh, Jamaica, Mali, Tunisia, Ukraine |
|
Jan 1999-Dec 2000 |
Argentina, Canada, Malaysia, Namibia, Netherlands |
|
Jan 1998-Dec 1999 |
Bahrain, Brazil, Gabon, Gambia, Slovenia |
|
Jan 1997-Dec 1998 |
Costa Rica, Japan, Kenya, Portugal, Sweden |
|
Jan 1996-Dec 1997 |
Chile, Egypt, Guinea-Bissau, Poland, Rep. Korea |
|
Jan 1995-Dec 1996 |
Botswana, Germany, Honduras, Indonesia, Italy |
|
Jan 1994-Dec 1995 |
Argentina, Czech Republic(1), Nigeria, Oman, Rwanda |
|
Jan 1993-Dec 1994 |
Brazil, Djibouti, New Zealand, Pakistan, Spain |
|
Jan 1992-Dec 1993 |
Cape Verde, Hungary, Japan, Morocco, Venezuela |
|
Jan 1991-Dec 1992 |
Austria, Belgium, Ecuador, India, Zimbabwe |
|
Jan 1990-Dec 1991 |
Côte d'Ivoire, Cuba, Romania, Yemen, Zaire |
|
Jan 1989-Dec 1990 |
Canada, Colombia, Ethiopia, Finland, Malaysia |
|
Jan 1988-Dec 1989 |
Algeria, Brazil, Nepal, Senegal, Yugoslavia |
|
Jan 1987-Dec 1988 |
Argentina, Germany, Italy, Japan, Zambia |
|
Jan 1986-Dec 1987 |
Bulgaria, Congo, Ghana, UAE, Venezuela |
|
Jan 1985-Dec 1986 |
Australia, Denmark, Madagascar, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago |
|
Jan 1984-Dec 1985 |
Burkina Faso, Egypt, India, Peru, Ukraine |
|
Jan 1983-Dec 1984 |
Malta, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Pakistan |
|
Jan 1982-Dec 1983 |
DR Congo, Guyana, Jordan, Poland, Togo |
|
Jan 1981-Dec 1982 |
Ireland, Japan, Panama, Spain, Uganda |
|
Jan 1980-Dec 1981 |
German Democratic Republic, Mexico, Niger, Philippines, Tunisia |
|
Jan 1979-Dec 1980 |
Bangladesh, Jamaica, Norway, Portugal |
|
Jan 1978-Dec 1979 |
Bolivia, Gabon, Kuwait, Nigeria, Zambia |
|
Jan 1977-Dec 1978 |
Canada, Germany, India, Mauritius, Venezuela |
|
Jan 1976-Dec 1977 |
Benin, Libyan AJ, Pakistan, Panama, Romania |
|
Jan 1975-Dec 1976 |
Guyana, Italy, Japan, Sweden, UR of Tanzania |
|
Jan 1974-Dec 1975 |
Belarus, Cameroon, Costa Rica, Iraq, Mauritania |
|
Jan 1973-Dec 1974 |
Australia, Austria, Indonesia, Kenya, Peru |
|
Jan 1972-Dec 1973 |
Guinea, India, Panama, Sudan, Yugoslavia |
|
Jan 1971-Dec 1972 |
Argentina, Belgium, Italy, Japan, Somalia |
|
Jan 1970-Dec 1971 |
Burundi, Nicaragua, Poland, Sierra Leone, Syria AR |
|
Jan 1969-Dec 1970 |
Colombia, Finland, Nepal, Spain, Zambia |
|
Jan 1968-Dec 1969 |
Algeria, Hungary, Pakistan, Paraguay, Senegal |
|
Jan 1967-Dec 1968 |
Brazil, Canada, Denmark, Ethiopia, India |
|
Jan 1966-Dec 1967 |
Argentina, Bulgaria, Japan, Mali, New Zealand*, Nigeria, Uganda* |
|
Jan 1965-Dec 1966 |
Jordan, Malaysia*, Netherlands, Uganda(3), Uruguay |
|
Jan 1964-Dec 1965 |
Bolivia, Côte d'Ivoire |
|
Jan 1963-Dec 1964 |
Brazil, Morocco, Norway, Philippines* |
|
Jan 1962-Dec 1963 |
Ghana, Ireland*, Venezuela |
|
Jan 1961-Dec 1962 |
Chile, Egypt, Liberia*, Romania*, Turkey* |
|
Jan 1960-Dec 1961 |
Ecuador, Poland*, Sri Lanka |
|
Jan 1959-Dec 1960 |
Argentina, Italy, Tunisia |
|
Jan 1958-Dec 1959 |
Canada, Japan, Panama |
|
Jan 1957-Dec 1958 |
Colombia, Philippines*, Sweden |
|
Jan 1956-Dec 1957 |
Australia, Cuba, Iraq, Yugoslavia* |
|
Jan 1955-Dec 1956 |
Belgium, Iran, Peru |
|
Jan 1954-Dec 1955 |
Brazil, New Zealand, Turkey |
|
Jan 1953-Dec 1954 |
Colombia, Denmark, Lebanon |
|
Jan 1952-Dec 1953 |
Chile, Greece, Pakistan |
|
Jan 1951-Dec 1952 |
Brazil, Netherlands, Turkey |
|
Jan 1950-Dec 1951 |
Ecuador, India, Yugoslavia |
|
Jan 1949-Dec 1950 |
Cuba, Egypt, Norway |
|
Jan 1948-Dec 1949 |
Argentina, Canada, Ukraine |
|
Jan 1947-Dec 1948 |
Belgium, Colombia, Syrian AR(2) |
|
Jan 1946-Dec 1947 |
Australia, Brazil, Egypt, Mexico(1946 only), Netherlands(1946 only), Poland |
NOTES
* Split term
(1) Insofar as it formed part of Czechoslovakia until 31 December 1992, the Czech Republic also served on the Council in 1964 and 1978-79.
(2) Insofar as it formed part of the United Arab Republic until the end of September 1961, Syria also served on the council in 1961.
(3) One year term pursuant to elections held in accordance with article 23 (2) of the Charter.
NOTE
On 24 December 1991 the membership of the Soviet Union in the Security Council and all other UN organs was to be continued by the Russian Federation as presented in a letter to the UN by the Russian President, Boris Yeltsin. The Russian Federation remains responsible in full for all the rights and obligations of the former Soviet Union.
Appendix 3b
Table of Security Council Resolutions Passed 1988-2001
Source: Global Policy Forum http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/data/resolutn.htm
(Dec 2002)
| Resolutions | Statements | |
|---|---|---|
| 2001 | 52 | 39 |
| 2000 | 50 | 40 |
| 1999 | 65 | 34 |
| 1998 | 73 | 38 |
| 1997 | 54 | 57 |
| 1996 | 57 | 49 |
| 1995 | 66 | 63 |
| 1994 | 77 | 82 |
| 1993 | 93 | 88 |
| 1992 | 74 | 83 |
| 1991 | 42 | 21 |
| 1990 | 37 | 14 |
| 1989 | 20 | 17 |
| 1988 | 20 | 08 |
Note: Numerical counts say nothing about the importance of Council actions (one important resolution can be weightier than ten minor ones), but the declining count in 1995 and after seems to reflect a slackening of the Council's activities and the drop in peacekeeping operations from the highpoint in 1993-94.
Appendix 4
Extract
Contents and Recommendations
Source: Reproduced at Global Policy Forum
http://www.globalpolicy.org/reform/scref98.htm (27 September, 1999)
Annex I. General Assembly resolution 48/26 of 3 December 1993
AnnexXVII. Proposal on the issue of the veto, submitted by Chile, dated 26 June 1998
Chapter I
1. At its forty-eighth session, the General Assembly decided, in its resolution 48/26 of 3 December 1993, to establish an Open-ended Working Group to consider all aspects of the question of increase of the membership of the Security Council and other matters related to the Security Council. The full text of the resolution is reproduced in annex I to the present report.
2. The Open-ended Working Group began its deliberations in January 1994. The mandate of the Working Group was extended by the General Assembly at its forty-eighth through fifty-first sessions.1 Reports on the progress of its work were submitted by the Working Group to the General Assembly at its forty-eighth, forty-ninth, fiftieth and fifty-first sessions.2
3. On 15 September 1997, in its decision 51/476, the General Assembly decided that the Open-ended Working Group should continue its work and submit a report to the Assembly before the end of the fifty-second session, including any agreed recommendations. The present report is prepared and submitted pursuant to that decision.
The General Assembly, having considered the report of the Open-ended Working Group on the Question of Equitable Representation on and Increase in the Membership of the Security Council and Other Matters Related to the Security Council,4 established pursuant to its resolution 48/26 of 3 December 1993:
(a) Takes note of the report of the Working Group on its work during the fifty-second session of the General Assembly;
(b) Decides that the Working Group should continue its work, taking into account the progress achieved during the forty-eighth, forty-ninth, fiftieth, fifty-first and fifty-second sessions, as well as the views to be expressed during the fifty-third session of the Assembly, and submit a report to the Assembly before the end of the fifty-third session, including any agreed recommendations.
1 General Assembly decisions 48/498, 49/499, 50/489 and 51/476.
2 Official Records of the General Assembly, Forty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 47 (A/48/47); ibid., Forty-ninth Session, Supplement No. 47 (A/49/47); ibid., Fiftieth Session, Supplement No. 47 (A/50/47); and ibid., Fifty-first Session, Supplement No. 47 (A/51/47).
3 Official Records of the General Assembly, Fifty-first Session, Supplement No. 47 (A/51/47).
4 Ibid., Fifty-second Session, Supplement No. 47 (A/52/47).
Appendix 5
Informal Consultations of the Security Council
Source: Table was updated for 1997-2001 by the author at the Global Policy Forum. Later updated by GPF. http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/data/secmgtab.htm
| Formal Meetings |
Informal Consultations |
|
|---|---|---|
| 2001 | 215 | |
| 2000 | 167 | 210 |
| 1999 | 131 | 237 |
| 1998 | 116 | 226 |
| 1997 | 123 | 229 |
| 1996 | 117 | 214 |
| 1995 | 135 | 251 |
| 1994 | 165 | 273 |
| 1993 | 171 | 253 |
| 1992 | 133 | 188 |
| 1991 | 53 | 115 |
| 1990 | 70 | 80 |
| 1989 | 69 | 80 |
| 1988 | 55 | 62 |
Note: Numerical counts say nothing about the importance of Council actions (one important meeting can be weightier than ten minor ones), but the declining count in 1995 and after seems to reflect a slackening of the Council's activities and the drop in peacekeeping operations from the highpoint in 1993-94, though still way above the Cold War level. -- In comparing Meetings with Consultations, it should be remembered that Meetings are often very short (just long enough to adopt a resolution, for example), while Consultations typically last a considerable time -- 2-3 hours.
Appendix 6
Security Council Resolution 1203 (1998) on Kosovo
Extracts from the 3 page document
S/RES/1203 (1998)
24 October 1998
Adopted by the Security Council at its 3937th meeting,
on 24 October 1998
The Security Council,
Recalling its resolutions 1160 (1998) of 31 March 1998 and 1199 (1998) of 23 September 1998, and the importance of the peaceful resolution of the problem of Kosovo, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia,
Acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations,
1. Endorses and supports the agreements signed in Belgrade on 16 October 1998 between the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the OSCE, and on 15 October 1998 between the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and NATO, concerning the verification of compliance by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and all others concerned in Kosovo with the requirements of its resolution 1199 (1998), and demands the full and prompt implementation of these agreements by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia;
---
17. Decides to remain seized of the matter.
Appendix 7
The Italian Proposal for Security Council Reform
Extracts on Council Enlargement and Veto Reform
Source: Italian Permanent Mission to the United Nations
http://www.italyun.org/fritaly.html
(September 1999)
Appendix 8a
The Razali Proposal for Security Council Reform 1998
Source: Reproduced at Global Policy Forum
http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/reform/raz-497.htm (27 September, 1999)
(Note: This draft was not passed in the General Assembly. The debate over the voting procedure with this first real attempt at Security Council reform was elucidated in an interview with Italian Counsel Claudio Bisognerio. The report of the interview is in Appendix 8b.)
Appendix 8b
Interview of Italian Counsel, Claudio Bisognerio, on the Razali Proposal and the Voting Procedure in the General Assembly
Source: Interview conducted by Giji Gya and Dr. James A. Paul on the 4 March, 1999.
In November 1998, a 'framework resolution', (L.16), for adoption of a Security Council reform proposal by Ambassador Razali, which promoted Germany and Japan as candidates for permanent seats, was put to the General Assembly in its 53rd Session, 1998. This framework resolution concept put forward by Ambassador Razali (then Chairman of the Open-Ended Working Group on Security Council reform), was hoping to break the parliamentary barrier by using a lower threshold of votes, whereby only a majority of two thirds of the General Assembly that were present and voting at the time of vote for the resolution, would have been the minimum required to pass the reform. Razali did so, in the hope to finally pass a resolution on reform to which the P5 would agree.
However, Italy and their allies saw cause to press for a threshold of two-thirds of all Member States as provided in Article 108 of the UN Charter. They pointed out that sometimes as many as 60 delegations are not present at the General Assembly at the time of voting on controversial issues, including member states prohibited from voting by sanctions or payment dues. Thus 'two thirds present and voting' could represent a mere 45 to 50% of the 186 member states of the UN. Hence Italy and 34 other member states drafted a provisional resolution (L.42), which recalled decisions adopted by the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) Summit of Heads of State and Government in September 1998, insisting that "any decision on Security Council reform with Charter amendment implications must be adopted by a two-thirds majority of all Member States, as provided for by Article 108 of the Charter (ie at least 124 votes)." The Italian resolution was adopted by consensus, with the support of China and Russia, and interestingly, many Eastern bloc countries which were thought to be in support of Germany and hence the framework resolution which would have passed the Razali reform. Even so, the NAM group supporting L.42 argued that the proposed reform would never have been passed anyway.
Interview with Italian Counsel - Claudio Bisognerio - On Security Council Reform
4 March, 1999
Before the Razali Proposal in 1997, Charter amendment was carried out under Article 108 of the Charter. Razali, who wanted to promote the German and Japanese candidature in a complex deal for Council reform, realised that the requirements of Article 108 (two thirds majority vote) would not allow any reform proposal to succeed, as there would not be enough votes to pass the proposal. The Razali proposal then, involved a "framework resolution" implementation, where a lower majority than two thirds of the General Assembly vote was required, thus breaking the parliamentary barrier by using a lower threshold of votes. It was then hoped that a final resolution adopting the Razali proposal would carry, and the opponents (led by Italy) would be discouraged.
A53/L.16Rev.1 was a draft resolution on Agenda item 59 - Question of equitable representation on and increase in the membership of the Security Council and related matters. This proposal aimed at the concretisation of the two thirds vote.
This draft pressed for Article 108 thresholds for ALL resolutions relating to SC reform. It was placed before the General Assembly by the Italians and supported by their allies. Of the 35 members that co-sponsored the draft resolution, five were Eastern European, and the majority were from the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), but represented a broad spectrum of world states. The Italians and their allies devoted a lot of effort to win and keep the support of the NAM. The NAM made a series of statements on this issue, always supporting the Italian position.
There was opposition to this proposal in A53/L.42 which was sponsored by three of the five permanent members, namely UK, USA and France. This draft was co-sponsored by 27 members, the majority being from 'Western' states - surprisingly few from East Europe (as Germany has influence over these states), the two countries running for the two new permanent seats (Japan and Germany), and only one NAM country (Ubekistan). These allies of Japan and Germany felt that their proposal for reform (with 5 added permanent seats of Japan and Germany, and 3 rotating from other world regions) would probably not pass unless they could obtain accession with a lower than two thirds vote. Thus, they objected to the Italian position drafted in L.16, on grounds of legality concerning wording of the proposal; not setting precedents and amending the operative paragraph 2, pertaining to the two thirds majority, to replace 'must' with 'consider the consent of two thirds majority'. As Sr Bisognerio pointed out, ironically this battle, in terms of a weakness in the wording, was a weakness that began in the Durban statement. The Durban statement said that Article 108 voting criteria should apply to "all resolutions and Charter amendment implications" - this being quite vague and itself liable to interpretive legalistic battles. In the final agreement, greater clarity and succinct language was substituted, relating just to council reform, hence making the Italian proposal stronger.
These two conflicting sides were abated by Ambassador Didier Oberti (Foreign Minister of Italy, the then President of the General Assembly), who stepped in on Friday 20th November, and pushed for a vote on L.16. Due to the numbers of support that L.16 had (perceived through calculations on both sides), the supporters of L.42 gave in and agreed to a vote. The Italian supporters agreed on a "Coffee Club" meeting to take place the next day (Saturday 21st November) at the Spanish Mission. It was hoped that they would receive word from the L.42 supporters on this day. However, there was no word from the L.42 group on the Saturday. Thus the process was moved back to a 'strategic mode', to pursue a vote on the matter.
On the Monday, Amb. Oberti said that if there was agreement on the issue, then good. But if there was no agreement, it would have to go to vote. Tension carried forth up until one hour before the vote deadline, and there was still no word from the L.42 supporters. Then a breakthrough, when 45 minutes before voting time, the UK came to Italy with a consensus agreeing to the resolution. On November 23rd, the resolution was unanimously approved (GA/53/30) such that any charter amendment on Security Council reform must have a majority of at least two thirds of General Assembly vote.
Supporters of the Japan/Germany group did make it clear that they do not agree with the resolution. So, often threat that they could challenge whether the resolution was really in accordance with the Charter.
As the final amended resolution (GA Res 53/30) was adopted by consensus, and had support of two of the P-5, it shows that the bloc favouring the Razali proposal or its variation, is thwarted. They do not and never did have the votes to win.
* * *
Another significance of the above process was the illustration of a formal divide between the Permanent Five - UK, USA and France opposing China and the Russian Federation, the latter two having signed with the Italian Proposal.
Appendix 9
Assessed Contributions for Member States to the UN
Regular and Peacekeeping Budgets
This appendix shows the amounts due to the UN by the 15 largest contributors for Regular Budget and Peacekeeping Assessed Contributions.
1. http://www.globalpolicy.org/finance/tables/tab1999.htm
2. http://www.globalpolicy.org/finance/tables/pckep99.htm
Updated tables for 2002 and beyond: http://www.globalpolicy.org/finance/tables/index.htm
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Contact: Giji Gya (BPPM Hons.)
